1 Climate Change and Carbon Neutrality?001
1.1 Global Climate Change Dynamics?002
1.1.1 Causes of Climate Change?002
1.1.2 Impacts of Climate Change?008
1.1.3 Climate and Environmental Crisis?014
1.2 Effectiveness of Global Actions?016
1.2.1 Global Climate Governance Actions?017
1.2.2 Progress of National Mitigation?021
1.2.3 Efforts of International Institutions?024
1.3 Significance of Carbon Neutrality?026
1.3.1 Resolving the Climate and Environment Crisis?026
1.3.2 Advancing High-quality Economic Development?027
1.3.3 Realizing Global Sustainable Development?028
1.3.4 Building a Community of Shared Future for Mankind?028
1.4 Challenges for Carbon Neutrality?029
1.4.1 Large Gap to Reach the Mitigation Target?029
1.4.2 Strong Path-dependence on the Traditional Development Model?031
1.4.3 Lack of Systematic Schemes?032
1.4.4 Multifacet Challenges in Global Cooperation?033
1.5 Summary?035
2 The Essential Path for Global Carbon Neutrality?037
2.1 Mitigation Mechanism?038
2.1.1 Impact Factors?040
2.1.2 Directions of Carbon Reduction?041
2.2 GEI Theory?043
2.2.1 Development Idea?044
2.2.2 Development Direction?046
2.2.3 System Components?050
2.2.4 Well-equipped Conditions?052
2.3 Development Trends?054
2.3.1 Clean Development Trends?055
2.3.2 Energy Interconnection Trends?057
2.3.3 Pivotal Roles of UHV?058
2.4 Comprehensive Solution?061
2.5 Summary?062
3 GEI Carbon Neutrality Pathway?063
3.1 Overall Model Approach?064
3.1.1 Research Methodology?064
3.1.2 Analysis Model?065
3.2 Global Development Projection?070
3.2.1 Economy and Industry?071
3.2.2 Population and Society?076
3.2.3 Energy and Emissions?079
3.3 Global Pathway towards Net Zero Emissions?084
3.3.1 Overall Pathway towards Net Zero Emissions?084
3.3.2 Pathway towards Net Zero Emissions by Sector?086
3.4 Energy Transition Pattern?090
3.4.1 Clean and Zero-carbon Energy Supply?090
3.4.2 Electric-centric Energy Consumption?094
3.4.3 Wide-area Interconnection and Allocation of Energy?098
3.4.4 Intelligent and Flexible Operation of Energy?100
3.5 Comprehensive Comparison?105
3.5.1 Core Features?106
3.5.2 Technical Advantages?108
3.5.3 Economic Advantages?110
3.5.4 Effectiveness of Emission Reduction?112
3.5.5 Values of Energy Interconnection?115
3.6 Summary?119
_x000c_
4 Net Zero Emissions Roadmap for Energy Sector?121
4.1 Phase-out of Fossil Fuels?122
4.1.1 Coal?122
4.1.2 Oil?136
4.1.3 Natural Gas?145
4.2 Development of Clean Energy?154
4.2.1 Solar Energy?154
4.2.2 Wind Energy?160
4.2.3 Hydropower?165
4.2.4 Nuclear Power?170
4.2.5 Biomass Energy?171
4.3 Global Energy Allocation?174
4.3.1 Backbone Power Grid Network?174
4.3.2 Green Hydrogen Allocation System?184
4.4 Summary?192
5 Net Zero Emissions Roadmap for Industries?195
5.1 Iron and Steel Industry?196
5.1.1 Status Quo and Trend?196
5.1.2 Target and Pathway of Decarbonization?200
5.1.3 Direction and Priorities of Decarbonization?202
5.2 Chemical Industry?212
5.2.1 Status Quo and Trend?212
5.2.2 Target and Pathway of Decarbonization?217
5.2.3 Direction and Focus of Decarbonization?219
5.3 Construction Materials Industry?226
5.3.1 Status Quo and Trend?226
5.3.2 Target and Pathway of Decarbonization?231
5.3.3 Direction and Priorities of Decarbonization?233
5.4 Other Industries?238
5.4.1 Electrification Enhancement?238
5.4.2 Comprehensive Use of Clean Energy?240
5.4.3 Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency Enhancement?242
5.5 Summary?245
6 Net Zero Emissions Roadmap for Transportation Sector?247
6.1 Road?248
6.1.1 Status Quo and Trend?248
6.1.2 Target and Pathway of Decarbonization?255
6.1.3 Direction and Priorities of Decarbonization?258
6.2 Shipping and Aviation?269
6.2.1 Status Quo and Trend?269
6.2.2 Target and Pathway of Decarbonization?273
6.2.3 Direction and Priorities of Decarbonization?276
6.3 Summary?279
7 Net Zero Emissions Roadmap for Building Sector?281
7.1 Status Quo and Trend?282
7.1.1 Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission?283
7.1.2 Development Trend?285
7.1.3 Development Challenges?286
7.2 Target and Pathway of Decarbonization?287
7.3 Direction and Priorities of Decarbonization?289
7.3.1 Electricity Replacement?289
7.3.2 Energy Efficiency Enhancement?293
7.4 Summary?298
8 Net Zero Emissions Roadmap for AFOLU Sector and Non-CO2 GHGs?299
8.1 Emissions and Carbon Sink Increase from AFOLU?300
8.1.1 Status Quo and Trend?300
8.1.2 Target and Pathway of Mitigation?301
8.1.3 Measures and Priorities of Mitigation?302
8.2 Emission Reduction of Non-CO2 GHGs?304
8.2.1 Status Quo and Trend?306
8.2.2 Target and Pathway of Mitigation?307
8.2.3 Measures and Priorities of Mitigation?308
8.3 Summary?311
Volume II
9 Global Electricity-Carbon Market?313
9.1 Status and Challenge of Development?314
9.2 Needs and Trends?318
9.2.1 Integrated Development Needs?318
9.2.2 Integrated Development Trends?319
9.3 Guiding Principle and Connotation?321
9.3.1 Guiding Principle?321
9.3.2 Market Connotation?321
9.4 Market Construction?323
9.4.1 Market Structure?323
9.4.2 Construction Plan?324
9.5 Development Path?336
9.5.1 Objective for 2030?336
9.5.2 Objective for 2040?338
9.5.3 Objective for 2050?340
9.6 Future Benefits?341
9.7 Summary?343
10 Key Net-Zero & Carbon-Negative Technologies?345
10.1 UHV Transmission Technology?346
10.1.1 UHV AC Transmission?347
10.1.2 UHV DC Transmission?349
10.1.3 VSC-HVDC Transmission?352
10.1.4 High Voltage Large-scale Submarine Cable?356
10.2 Clean Replacement Technologies?357
10.2.1 Photovoltaic Power Generation?357
10.2.2 Concentrating Solar Power Generation?360
10.2.3 Wind Power Generation?362
10.2.4 Hydropower Generation?365
10.2.5 Nuclear Electric Power Generation?368
10.2.6 Hydrogen Power Generation?369
10.3 Energy-Saving and Electricity Replacement Technologies?371
10.3.1 Lighting Technology?371
10.3.2 Electric Heating Technology?372
10.3.3 Electrical Metallurgy Technology?374
10.3.4 Electrified Transportation Technology?375
10.4 Massive Energy Storage Technology?377
10.4.1 Pumped Energy Storage?378
10.4.2 Novel Energy Storage?379
10.5 Hydrogen Energy and Power to Fuels & Raw Material?382
10.5.1 Power to Hydrogen?382
10.5.2 Hydrogen Storage and Transportation?383
10.5.3 Power to Fuels & Raw Material?386
10.6 Carbon Capture， Utilization and Storage Technologies?388
10.6.1 Carbon Dioxide Capture， Utilization and Storage?388
10.6.2 Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage?390
10.6.3 Direct Air Capture?391
10.7 Digital Intelligence Technologies?392
10.7.1 Sensor?393
10.7.2 Communications Technologies?394
10.7.3 Big Data and AI?396
10.8 Summary?398
11 Carbon Neutrality Pathway for Asia?399
11.1 Status Quo and Trend?400
11.1.1 Economic and Social Development?400
11.1.2 Resource and Environment?403
11.1.3 Energy and Power?404
11.2 Mitigation Path?406
11.2.1 Mitigation Ideas?406
11.2.2 Mitigation Priorities?407
11.3 Energy Transition?408
11.3.1 Primary Energy?408
11.3.2 Final Energy?409
11.3.3 Power Demand?411
11.3.4 Power Supply?414
11.4 Clean Energy?416
11.4.1 Solar Power?416
11.4.2 Wind Power?420
11.4.3 Hydropower?422
11.5 Allocation Network?425
11.5.1 Development Positioning?425
11.5.2 Power Grid Interconnection?427
11.5.3 Key Interconnection Projects?430
11.6 Summary?433
12 Carbon Neutrality Pathway for Europe?435
12.1 Status Quo and Trend?436
12.1.1 Economic and Social Development?436
12.1.2 Resource and Environment?438
12.1.3 Energy and Power?440
12.2 Mitigation Path?442
12.2.1 Mitigation Ideas?442
12.2.2 Mitigation Priorities?444
12.3 Energy Transition?444
12.3.1 Primary Energy?444
12.3.2 Final Energy?446
12.3.3 Power Demand?447
12.3.4 Power Supply?450
12.4 Clean Energy?452
12.4.1 Wind Power?452
12.4.2 Hydropower?456
12.4.3 Solar Power?457
12.5 Allocation Network?459
12.5.1 Development Positioning?459
12.5.2 Power Grid Interconnection?461
12.5.3 Key Interconnection Projects?465
12.6 Summary?468
13 Carbon Neutrality Pathway for Africa?471
13.1 Status Quo and Trend?472
13.1.1 Economic and Social Development?472
13.1.2 Resource and Environment?474
13.1.3 Energy and Power?476
13.2 Mitigation Path?480
13.2.1 Mitigation Ideas?480
13.2.2 Mitigation Priorities?481
13.3 Energy Transition?482
13.3.1 Primary Energy?482
13.3.2 Final Energy?483
13.3.3 Power Demand?483
13.3.4 Power Supply?487
13.4 Clean Energy?489
13.4.1 Solar Power?489
13.4.2 Wind Power?493
13.4.3 Hydropower?495
13.5 Allocation Network?504
13.5.1 Development Positioning?504
13.5.2 Power Grid Interconnection?505
13.5.3 Key Interconnection Projects?509
13.6 Summary?514
14 Carbon Neutrality Pathway for North America?517
14.1 Status Quo and Trend?518
14.1.1 Economic and Social Development?518
14.1.2 Resource and Environment?520
14.1.3 Energy and Power?521
14.2 Mitigation Path?524
14.2.1 Mitigation Ideas?524
14.2.2 Mitigation Priorities?525
14.3 Energy Transition?526
14.3.1 Primary Energy?526
14.3.2 Final Energy?527
14.3.3 Power Demand?528
14.3.4 Power Supply?530
14.4 Clean Energy?533
14.4.1 Solar Power?533
14.4.2 Wind Power?535
14.4.3 Hydropower?538
14.5 Allocation Network?540
14.5.1 Development Positioning?540
14.5.2 Power Grid Interconnection?542
14.5.3 Key Interconnection Projects?546
14.6 Summary?548
15 Carbon Neutrality Pathway for Central and South America?551
15.1 Status Quo and Trend?552
15.1.1 Economic and Social Development?552
15.1.2 Resource and Environment?554
15.1.3 Energy and Power?556
15.2 Mitigation Path?558
15.2.1 Mitigation Ideas?558
15.2.2 Mitigation Priorities?559
15.3 Energy Transition?560
15.3.1 Primary Energy?560
15.3.2 Final Energy?561
15.3.3 Power Demand?563
15.3.4 Power Supply?565
15.4 Clean Energy?567
15.4.1 Solar Power?567
15.4.2 Wind Power?571
15.4.3 Hydropower?574
15.5 Allocation Network?579
15.5.1 Development Positioning?579
15.5.2 Power Grid Interconnection?580
15.5.3 Key Interconnection Projects?583
15.6 Summary?585
16 Carbon Neutrality Pathway for Oceania?587
16.1 Status Quo and Trend?588
16.1.1 Economic and Social Development?588
16.1.2 Resource and Environment?590
16.1.3 Energy and Power?591
16.2 Mitigation Path?594
16.2.1 Mitigation Ideas?594
16.2.2 Mitigation Priorities?595
16.3 Energy Transition?596
16.3.1 Primary Energy?596
16.3.2 Final Energy?597
16.3.3 Power Demand?598
16.3.4 Power Supply?600
16.4 Clean Energy?603
16.4.1 Solar Power?603
16.4.2 Wind Power?606
16.4.3 Hydropower?607
16.5 Allocation Network?609
16.5.1 Development Positioning?610
16.5.2 Power Grid Interconnection?611
16.5.3 Key Interconnection Projects?612
16.6 Summary?613
17 Comprehensive Benefits and Development Prospects?615
17.1 Comprehensive Benefits?617
17.1.1 Economic Benefits?617
17.1.2 Social Benefits?618
17.1.3 Environmental Benefits?619
17.2 Development Mechanisms?622
17.2.1 Clean Development Mechanism?623
17.2.2 Cooperative Governance Mechanism?624
17.2.3 Collaborative Innovation Mechanism?625
17.2.4 Financial Investment Mechanism?627
17.2.5 Legal Mechanism?628
17.3 Energy Transportation Information Networks Integration?629
17.3.1 Development Requirements?630
17.3.2 Integration Models?631
17.3.3 Main Forms?634
17.3.4 Development Path?639
17.4 Vision of the Future?641
17.4.1 Better Climate and Environment， New Chapter of Ecological
Civilization?642
17.4.2 Unleashing Innovation-driven Vitality in Economic Growth?643
17.4.3 A New Phase of Social Harmony and Civilization?644
17.5 Summary?644
Appendixes?646
Appendix 1 Introduction to Global Energy Interconnection Development and
Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO)?646
Appendix 2 GEI Carbon Neutrality Scenario?650
Appendix 3 Integrated Assessment Model for Global Climate Change?652
Appendix 4 Global Renewable Energy Assessment Model?658
Appendix 5 GEI Planning Model?666
Appendix 6 Glossary?670
內容試閱：
Climate change is a major challenge facing all nations， posing a threat to the very survival and development of humankind. The global average temperatures has increased nearly 1.2°C compared to pre-industrial levels， approaching the temperature rise control goals under the Paris Agreement at an alarming pace， bringing humanity to a make-or-break moment. UN Secretary-General António Guterres has called on all nations worldwide to declare a state of ”climate emergency”， and to make concerted， concrete efforts to advance carbon neutrality and address climate change. Carbon neutrality is fundamental to the path towards resolution of the climate and environment crisis. An important enabler of sustainable development， it will act as a strong driver of green transformation in the economy and society and of the building a community with a shared future for mankind.
Achieving carbon neutrality will be an extremely complex and arduous task. While over 120 nations have announced carbon neutrality goals， laying a solid foundation for achieving carbon neutrality by the middle of this century， and for implementing the targets of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement， to date nations’ progress on mitigation has fallen short of what global carbon neutrality is meant to achieve. A key problem is the lack of feasible systematic solutions. To that end， related organizations and institutions have pursued in-depth research and extensive international cooperation to promote the formulation of climate policies and to mobilize mitigation measures worldwide.
Excessive use of fossil fuels constitutes the root cause of the climate crisis. Thus， in order to secure carbon neutrality， energy， the decisive factor driving climate change， must be addressed， and major efforts made to expedite the energy and electric power revolution and implement the ”Two Replacements”， namely， clean replacement in energy production and electricity replacement in energy consumption. Global Energy Interconnection (GEI) offers an innovative energy system characterized by clean energy production， extensive distribution of clean energy， and electrification of energy consumption， which will constitute an important platform for the development， transmission and use of clean energy on a global scale. It provides a technically advanced， cost-effective， systematic win-win solution permitting the achievement of the targets of the Paris Agreement， capable of facilitating the global efforts to achieve carbon neutrality by the middle of this century， resolving the climate and environmental crisis， promoting high-quality economic development， and advancing the sustainable development of humankind.
The Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO) is dedicated to the promotion of the establishment of GEI， meeting global power needs in a clean， green way， and fulfilling humanity’s need for sustainable development. Through ongoing research on the theories， technologies， schemes and mechanisms of carbon neutrality， GEIDCO has published books including Resolving the Crisis and The Road to China Carbon Neutrality， and released report series covering Research and Outlook on Global and Continental Energy Interconnection， and Research on Global and Continental Renewable Energy Development and Investment. These provide feasible， replicable， scalable and systematic climate change solutions， concerning which UN Secretary-General António Guterres has remarked “It is this global interconnectivity that allows for inclusivity for energy to reach everybody in need. And so， GEI is at the centre of the two central concepts (sustainability and inclusivity) of our commitment to Agenda 2030 and with our objectives in relation to climate change”. What’s more， the UNFCCC Secretariat deemed GEI an excellent tool for the realization of the goals of the Paris Agreement.
While adhering to green， low-carbon， sustainable development concepts and taking humanity’s needs in terms of economic and social development into account， this book describes the current state of the climate and environmental crisis， analyzes the significance of challenges facing achieving carbon neutrality， and proposes a solution for achieving global carbon neutrality: GEI development based on “Two Replacements， One Increase， One Restore and One Conversion”. It also provides a systematic exposition of net zero roadmaps in key sectors， and pathways towards carbon neutrality for each continent， identifies key needs in terms of technological innovation and market mechanism construction， and demonstrates the huge benefits of the GEI-based carbon neutral scheme in terms of the coordinated development of the economy， society and the environment.
This book comprises two volumes， a total of 17 chapters. Volume I consists of 8 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the global climate change and explains the challenges facing and significance of achieving global carbon neutrality. Chapter 2 explains GEI’s scientific mechanisms and conceptual system for achieving carbon neutrality. Chapter 3 analyzes the pattern， core features and major advantages offered by energy and power transition in the context of the GEI-based carbon neutrality pathway. Chapter 4 systematically analyzes the energy industry’s net zero roadmap from three perspectives: fossil fuels， clean energy and energy allocation. Chapters 5-8 elaborate on net zero roadmaps for key sectors of industries， transportation， building， AFOLU (agriculture， forestry and other land use)， and non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gases (Non-CO2 GHGs).
Volume II is divided into 9 chapters. Chapter 9 describes the important role of electricity-carbon market development for carbon neutrality. Chapter 10 focuses on analysis of and prospects for key zero-carbon and carbon-negative technologies. Chapters 11-16 analyze mitigation pathways， energy transition patterns， and energy interconnection planning schemes for achieving carbon neutrality in Asia， Europe， Africa， North America， Central and South America， and Oceania， based on these regions’ stages of development and other characteristics. Chapter 17 describes the comprehensive benefits and development framework for the GEI-based carbon neutrality pathway， and the outlook for infrastructure development in the direction of Energy， Transportation and Information Networks Integration (ETI Integration) and for sustainable development. Finally， the appendix introduces data， tools and models related to the research contained in this book.
This book proposes an innovative， systematic， strategic， scientific and feasible solution for the realization of global carbon neutrality which could be of great value in accelerating the green energy transition， coping with climate change， and achieving sustainable development for humankind. It is our hope that it can offer reference material useful to related international organizations and governments in their formulation of carbon neutral schemes for society as a whole， and of development plans and policies for energy and power industries， and can be of use to enterprises and institutions involved in global mitigation actions. GEIDCO is committed to making unremitting efforts to advance carbon neutrality in conjunction with all sectors of society， and to making a contribution to the realization of the targets of the Paris Agreement and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
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