ContentsPart I Theory of Errors and Data Processing Methods1 Measurement and Error 32 Estimation of Measurement Error and Expression of the Result 93 Error Estimation for Direct Measurement 134 Error Estimation for Indirect Measurement 165 Significant Figures and Their Calculations 216 Commonly Used Data Processing Methods 267 Questions 37Part II Fundamental and Comprehensive ExperimentsExp. 1 Forward Characteristics of pn Junction Diode 411.1 Objective 411.2 Apparatus 411.3 Principle 421.3.1 pn junction 421.3.2 Forward characteristics of a pn junction 441.3.3 Temperature characteristics of a pn junction 451.3.4 Methods for deducing empirical function and calculating parameters of the temperature sensor 461.4 Apparatus depiction 471.5 Procedure 491.6 Data processing 511.6.1 Data processing based on the data in Tab. 1.1 511.6.2 Data processing based on the data in Tab. 1.2 511.7 Attentions 511.8 Questions 52Exp. 2 Magnetoresistance Effect 532.1 Objective 532.2 Apparatus 542.3 Principle 542.4 Apparatus depiction 562.5 Procedure 582.6 Data processing 592.7 Attentions 602.8 Questions 61Exp. 3 Study of Forced Oscillations with Pohl Resonator 623.1 Objective 623.2 Apparatus 633.3 Principle 633.4 Apparatus depiction 653.5 Procedure 673.5.1 Free oscillations 673.5.2 Damped oscillations 683.5.3 Forced oscillations 693.6 Data processing 693.7 Attentions 713.8 Questions 71Exp. 4 Thermal Conductivity Measurement of a Rubber Disk by Steady-State Method 724.1 Objective 724.2 Apparatus 724.3 Principle 724.3.1 Thermal conductivity 724.3.2 Thermal conductivities of different substances 744.3.3 Principle of thermocouples 754.3.4 Principle of TC-3A thermal conductivity measurement instrument 764.4 Procedure 784.4.1 Preparation 784.4.2 Record the thermal equilibrium temperatures and 784.4.3 Measure the cooling temperature versus time for the lower brass disk 784.5 Data processing 794.6 Attentions 794.7 Questions 80Exp. 5 Usage of an Oscilloscope 815.1 Objective 815.2 Apparatus 815.3 Principle 825.3.1 Main structure of an oscilloscope 825.3.2 Operation principle of an oscilloscope 855.3.3 Measurement of the amplitude and period (or frequency) of a periodic voltage 885.3.4 Lissajous figures 885.4 Procedure 895.4.1 Observation of sinusoidal voltage signals 895.4.2 Observe the waveform of signals from the rectifying and filtering circuit 905.4.3 Observe Lissajous figures 915.5 Attentions 925.6 Questions 92Exp. 6 Measurement of Magnetic Field Based on Hall Effect 936.1 Objective 936.2 Apparatus 936.3 Principle 936.3.1 Hall effect and the measurement of magnetic induction intensity 936.3.2 Elimination of side effects 956.3.3 Theoretical basis of magnetic field generation by electrified solenoids and Helmholtz coils 966.4 Apparatus depiction 976.5 Procedure 996.6 Data processing 1006.7 Questions 102Exp. 7 Determination of Moment of Inertia of Rigid Bodies 1037.1 Objective 1037.2 Apparatus 1037.3 Principle 1047.3.1 Apparatus depiction 1047.3.2 Principle for measuring the moment of inertia 1057.3.3 Parallel-axis theorem 1087.4 Procedure 1087.4.1 Preparation 1087.4.2 Measure the moment of inertia J0 of the empty rotational system 1097.4.3 Measure the moment of inertia of the rotational system with an aluminum ring 1097.4.4 Validation of the parallel-axis theorem 1097.5 Data processing 1107.5.1 Calculation of the moment of inertia of the aluminum ring 1107.5.2 Verification of the parallel-axis theorem 1107.6 Attentions 1117.7 Questions 111Exp. 8 Standing Wave on a String 1128.1 Objective 1128.2 Apparatus 1128.3 Principle 1138.3.1 Mathematical analysis of standing wave on a string 1138.3.2 Principle of the instrument for string vibration 1168.3.3 Application in musical instruments 1178.4 Procedure 1188.4.1 Preparation 1188.4.2 Measure the resonant frequencies with 2 antinodes between two wedges 1188.4.3 Measure the resonant frequencies with 3 antinodes between two wedges 1198.5 Data processing 1198.6 Attentions 1208.7 Questions 121Exp. 9 Diffraction Grating 1229.1 Objective 1229.2 Apparatus 1239.3 Principle 1239.3.1 Grating equation 1239.3.2 Two important parameters 1249.4 Procedure 1259.4.1 Adjustment of spectrometer 1259.4.2 Adjustment of the orientation of grating 1259.4.3 Measure the grating constant 1259.4.4 Measure the wavelength of blue spectral lines 1269.5 Data processing 1269.6 Attentions 1279.7 Questions 127Appendix: spectrometer alignment procedure 127Exp. 10 Holography 13110.1 Objective 13110.2 Appar
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