Preface
The.niteelementmethodFEMissopowerfulthatmanyverycomplicatedengineer-ing problems can be solved by it. This book is primarily written for engineers. It intro-duces the basic principles and applications of FEM. It may also be used as textbook inuniversitiesandcolleges.
The .rst purpose of this book is to make an easy read for engineers, so the physicalideas are enhanced and the basic principlesand computing methods are introduced in aneasybutaccurateway.
Thesecondpurposeofthisbookistobeofpracticalvaluetoengineers,sotheformulasthatcanbeusedtoanalyzeproblemsinpracticalengineeringaregivenindetail.
Thus, therearethree distinguishingcharacteristics of this book： 1 itis easyto read; 2thetheoryandcomputingformulasof.niteelementmethodarecomplete;3itisofpracticalusetoreaders,especiallytoengineersandprofessorsandengineeringstudents.
Beforethepublicationofthe.rsteditionofthisbookinChinesein1979,thepredictedreaderswereengineers,butafterpublicationitwasnoticedthatitwaswellreceivednotonly by engineers but also by professors and students in universities and colleges. It is now not only a widely accepted reference book for engineers but also widely used astextbookforprofessorsandstudentsinuniversitiesandcollegesinChina.
According to the Information Center of Chinese Academy of Science The Finite Ele-mentMethod,Theory,andApplicationsinChineseisoneofthemostwell-received10booksinChinainwaterresourcesandhydropowerdomain.
Now the new book in English will be published, I hope it will be well received notonly by engineers working in practical engineering project but also by professors andstudents.
About the Author
BofangZhu,anacademicianoftheChineseAcademyofEngineeringandafamoussci-entist of hydraulic structures and solid mechanics in China, was born on October 17, 1928, in Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province. In 1951, he graduated in civil engineeringfromShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityandthenparticipatedinthedesignofthe.rstthree concretedamsinChinaFozilingdam,Meishandam,andXianghongdiandam.In1957,hewastransferredtotheChinaInstituteofWaterResourcesandHydropowerResearch where he was engaged in the research work of high concrete dams. He was awarded China National Outstanding Young Scientist in 1984 and was elected the academician oftheChineseAcademyofEngineeringin1995.Heisnowtheconsultantofthetechni-calcommitteeoftheMinistryofWaterResourcesofChina,amemberoftheconsultant group of the three very high dams in the world： the Xiaowan dam, the Longtan dam, and the Baihetan dam. He was a member of the eighth and the ninth Chinese Peo-plesPoliticalConsultativeConference,theboardchairmanoftheInstituteofComputer ApplicationofChinaCivilEngineeringSociety,andamemberofthestandingcommit-tee of the China Civil Engineering Society and the standing committee of the China HydropowerEngineeringSociety.
He is the founder of the theory of thermal stresses of mass concrete, the shape opti-mizationofarch dams,thesimulatingcomputationofconcretedam,andthetheoryofcreepofmassconcreteintheword.
He has established a perfect system of the theory of thermal stress and temperaturecontrol of mass concrete, including two basic theorems of creep of nonhomogeneous concrete structures; the law of variation and the methods of computation of the ther-mal stresses of arch dams, gravity dams, docks, sluices, tunnels, and various massive concrete structures; the method of computation of temperature in reservoirs and pipe cooling,thermalstressinbeamsonfoundation,coldwave,heighteningofgravitydam;andthemethodsandcriteriaforcontroloftemperatures.Heproposedtheideaoflong-time thermal insulation as well as comprehensive temperature control that ended the historyofnoconcretedamwithoutcrackandsomeconcretedamswithoutcrackthat had been .rst constructed in China in recent years, including the Sanjianghe concretearchdamandthethirdstageofthefamousThreeGorgesconcretegravitydam.
Heproposedthemathematicalmodelandmethodsofsolutionforshapeoptimizationofarchdams,whichwasrealizedforthe.rsttimeintheworldanduptonowhadbeen applied to more than 100 practical dams, resulting in 1030% saving of dam concrete,andthee.ciencyofdesignwasraisedagreatdeal.
He had a series of contributions to the theory and applications of the .nite elementmethodFEM.
He proposed a lot of new methods for .nite element analysis, including the com-pound element, di.erent time incrementsin di.erent regions, the equivalent equation of heat conduction for pipe cooling, and the implicit method for computing elastocre-epingstressesbyFEM.
HedevelopedthemethodofsimulatingcomputationofhighconcretedamsbyFEM.Allfactors,includingthecourseofconstruction,thevariationofambienttemperatures,theheathydrationofcement,thechangeofmechanicalandthermalpropertieswithageofconcrete,andthepipecooling,precooling,andsurfaceinsulationcanbeconsideredintheanalysisofthestressstate.Ifthetensilestressislargerthantheallowablevalue,themethods of temperature control must be changed until the maximum tensile stress isnotbiggerthantheallowablevalue.Thuscrackswillnotappearinthedam.Experienceshowsthatthisisanimportantcontributionindamtechnology.
He proposed the equivalent stress for FEM and its allowable values that had been
adoptedinthe design speci.cations of archdamsinChina; thustheconditionforsub-
stitutingthetrialloadmethodbyFEMisprovided.
Theinstrumentalmonitoringcangiveonlythedisplacementofsomeparticularpointsbutcannotgivethestress.eldandthecoe.cientofsafetyofconcretedams.Inorderto overcomethisdefect,heproposedanewmethodofnumericalmonitoringbyFEMthat can give thestress .eld andthe coe.cientofsafetyand raisethelevelof safety control ofconcretedamandthathadbeguntobeappliedinpracticalprojectsinChina.
Anewideaforsemimatureageofconcretehasbeenproposedbyhim.Thecrackresis-tanceofconcretemaybepromotedbychangingitssemimatureage.
Avastamountofscienti.cresearchworkshadbeenconductedunderhisdirectionfor aseriesofimportantconcretedamsinChina,suchasThreeGorges,Xiaowan,Longtan,Xiluodu,Sanmenxia,Liujiaxia,Xinganjiang,andsoon.Fourteenresultsofhisscienti.cresearch were adopted in the design speci.cations of gravity dams, arch dams, docks,andhydraulicconcretestructures.
He has published 10 books： Theory and Applications of the Finite Element Method1st ed. in 1979, 2nd ed. in 1998, 3rd ed. in 2009, Thermal Stresses and Temperature Control of Mass Concrete 1st ed. in 1999, 2nd ed. in 2012, Thermal Stresses and Tem-perature Control of Hydraulic Concrete Structures 1976, Theory and Applications of Structural Optimization 1984, Design and Research of Arch Dams 2002, Collected WorksonHydraulicStructuresandSolidMechanics1988,SelectedPapersofAcademi-cianBofangZhu1997,NewDevelopmentsinTheoryandTechnologyofConcreteDams 2009, and Thermal Stresses and Temperature Control of Mass Concrete in English2014.Hehaspublishedmorethan200scienti.cpapers.
HewasawardedthetitleofChinaNationalOutstandingYoungScientistin1984,theChinaNationalPrizeofNaturalSciencein1982forhisresearchworkinthermalstresses inmassconcrete,theChinaNationalPrizeofScienti.cProgressin1988forhisresearchwork in the optimum design of arch dams, and the China National Prize of Scienti.cProgressin2001forhisresearchworksinsimulatingcomputationandthermalstresses.HebecameICOLDInternationalCommissiononLargeDamsHonoraryMember.
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