目 录
导读…1
Contributors …17
Preface …23
Part I Fundamental aspects …1
1 Ontology and the lexicon: a multidisciplinary perspective …3
1.1 Situating ontologies and lexical resources …3
1.2 The content of ontologies …10
1.3 Theoretical framework for the
ontologieslexicons interface …14
1.4 From ontologies to the lexicon and back …21
1.5 Outline of chapters …23
2 Formal ontology as interlingua: the SUMO and
WordNet linking project and global WordNet …25
2.1 WordNet …25
2.2 Principles of construction of formal ontologies
and lexicons …29
2.3 Mappings …30
2.4 Interpreting language …32
2.5 Global WordNet …33
2.6 SUMO translation templates …35
3 Interfacing WordNet with DOLCE: towards OntoWordNet …36
3.1 Introduction …36
3.2 WordNet’s preliminary analysis …37
3.3 The DOLCE upper ontology …39
3.4 Mapping WordNet into DOLCE …48
3.5 Conclusion …52
4 Reasoning over natural language text by means of
FrameNet and ontologies …53
4.1 Introduction …53
4.2 An introduction to the FrameNet lexicon …54
4.3 Linking FrameNet to ontologies for reasoning…56
4.4 Formalizing FrameNet in OWL DL …57
4.5 Reasoning over FrameNet-annotated text …62
4.6 Linking FrameNet to SUMO …66
4.7 Discussion…69
4.8 Conclusion and outlook…70
5 Synergizing ontologies and the lexicon: a roadmap …72
5.1 Formal mappings between ontologies …72
5.2 Evaluation of ontolex resources …73
5.3 Bridging different lexical models and resources …75
5.4 Technological framework …77
Part II Discovery and representation of conceptual systems …79
6 Experiments of ontology construction with Formal Concept
Analysis …81
6.1 Introduction …81
6.2 Basic concepts and related work …82
6.3 Dataset selection and design of experiments …86
6.4 Evaluation and discussion …92
6.5 Conclusion and future work …96
7 Ontology, lexicon, and fact repository as leveraged to
interpret events of change …98
7.1 Introduction …98
7.2 A snapshot of OntoSem …100
7.3 Motivation for pursuing deep analysis of events
of change…101
7.4 Increase…102
7.5 Content divorced from its rendering …114
7.6 NLP with reasoning and for reasoning …117
7.7 Conclusion …118
8 Hantology: conceptual system discovery based on
orthographic convention …122
8.1 Introduction: hanzi and conventionalized
conceptualization…122
8.2 General framework …126
8.3 Conceptualization and classification of the
radicals system …128
8.4 The ontology of a radical as a semantic symbol…132
8.5 The architecture of Hantology …133
8.6 OWL encoding of Hantology …137
8.7 Summary …139
8.8 Conclusion …142
9 What’s in a schema? …144
9.1 Introduction …144
9.2 An ontology for cognitive linguistics …146
9.3 The c.DnS ontology …148
9.4 Schemata, mental spaces, and constructions …161
9.5 An embodied semiotic metamodel …166
9.6 Applying Semion to FrameNet and related resources …169
9.7 Conclusion …181
Part III Interfacing ontologies and lexical resources …183
10 Interfacing ontologies and lexical resources …185
10.1 Introduction …185
10.2 Classifying experiments in ontologies and
lexical resources …185
10.3 Ontologies and their construction …188
10.4 How actual resources fit the classification …190
10.5 Two practical examples …194
10.6 Available tools for the ontology lexical
resource interface …196
10.7 Conclusion …200
11 Sinica BOW Bilingual Ontological WordNet：
integration of bilingual WordNet and SUMO …201
11.1 Background and motivation …201
11.2 Resources and structure required in the BOW approach …202
11.3 Interfacing multiple resources: a lexicon-driven
approach …204
11.4 Integration of multiple knowledge sources …207
11.5 Updating and future improvements …209
11.6 Conclusion …210
12 Ontology-based semantic lexicons：mapping between
terms and object descriptions …212
12.1 Introduction …212
12.2 Why we need semantic lexicons …213
12.3 More semantics than we need …215
12.4 The semantics we need is in ontologies …218
12.5 Conclusion …223
13 Merging global and specialized linguistic ontologies …224
13.1 Introduction …224
13.2 Linguistic ontologies versus formal ontologies …226
13.3 Specialized linguistic ontologies …229
13.4 The plug-in approach …230
13.5 Experiments …236
13.6 Applications and extensions …237
13.7 Conclusion …238
Part IV Learning and using ontological knowledge …239
14 The life cycle of knowledge …241
14.1 Introduction …241
14.2 Using ontolexical knowledge in NLP …242
14.3 Creating ontolexical knowledge with NLP …249
14.4 Conclusion …256
15 The Omega ontology …258
15.1 Introduction …258
15.2 Constituents of Omega …258
15.3 Structure of Omega …260
15.4 Construction of Omega via merging …263
15.5 Omega’s auxiliary knowledge sources …264
15.6 Applications …266
15.7 Omega 5 and the OntoNotes project …267
15.8 Discussion and future work …268
15.9 Conclusion …269
16 Automatic acquisition of lexico-semantic knowledge for
question answering …271
16.1 Introduction …271
16.2 Lexico-semantic knowledge for QA …272
16.3 Related work …274
16.4 Extracting semantically similar words…275
16.5 Using automatically acquired role and function words …279
16.6 Using automatically acquired categorized NEs …280
16.7 Evaluation …283
16.8 Conclusion and future work …286
17 Agricultural ontology construction and maintenance in Thai …288
17.1 Introduction …288
17.2 A framework of ontology construction
and maintenance …290
17.3 Ontology acquisition from texts …291
17.4 Ontology acquisitions from a dictionary and
a thesaurus …301
17.5 Integration into an ontological tree …306
17.6 Conclusion …307
References …309
Index …335
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