《Progress of Bone Scaffold by Laser Rapid Prototyping激光快速成型骨支架进展》系统介绍激光快速成型技术在人工骨支架制备中的研究现状，详细分
析和归纳目前生物材料用于骨修复及再生的研究进展，全面总结骨支架材料的
种类及特点，重点探讨不同骨支架材料的强度、韧性、生物相容性、降解性及
其与组织细胞的相互作用规律，以期对骨组织缺损的修复与功能重建提供理论
与技术指导。
目錄：
Preface
Chapter 1 Hydroxyapatite-Based Bone Scaffolds 1
1.1 Structural Design and Experimental Analysis of a Selective Laser
Sintering System with Nano-Hydroxyapatite Powder 2
1.2 Structure and Properties of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Bone
Tissue Engineering with Selective Laser Sintering System 8
1.3 The Microstructure Evolution of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Powder Sintered for
Bone Tissue Engineering 21
1.4 Fabrication Optimization of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Artificial Bone
Scaffolds 32
1.5 Grain Growth Associates Mechanical Properties in Nano-Hydroxyapatite
Bone Scaffolds 43
1.6 Simulation of Dynamic Temperature Field during Selective Laser Sintering
of Ceramic Powder 51
1.7 Poly L-lactide acid Improves complete Nano-Hydroxyapatite
Bone Scaffolds through the Microstructure Rearrangement 59
1.8 Processing and Characterization of Laser Sintered Hydroxyapatite
Scaffold for Tissue Engineering 71
References 80
Chapter 2 Tricalcium Phosphate-Based Bone Scaffolds 91
2.1 Correlation between Properties and Microstructure of Laser Sintered
Porous β-Tricalcium Phosphate Bone Scaffolds 92
2.2 Analysis of Transient Temperature Distribution in Selective Laser
Sintering of β-Tricalcium Phosphate106
2.3 Inhibition of Phase Transformation from β-to α-Tricalcium Phosphate
with Addition of Poly L-lactic acid in Selective Laser Sintering 113
2.4 Mechanical Properties Improvement of Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffold
with Poly L-lactic acid in Selective Laser Sintering 122
2.5 In vitro Bioactivity and Degradability of β-Tricalcium Phosphate Porous
Scaffolds Fabricated via Selective Laser Sintering 133
2.6 Characterization of Mechanical and Biological Properties of 3-D
Scaffolds Reinforced with Zinc Oxide for Bone Tissue Engineering144
2.7 Nano-Hydroxyapatite Improves the Properties of β-tricalcium Phosphate
Bone Scaffolds 160
References 171
Chapter 3 Biodegradable Polymer-Based Bone Scaffolds188
3.1 Fabrication of Porous Polyvinyl Alcohol Scaffold for Bone Tissue
Engineering via Selective Laser Sintering 188
3.2 Development of Complex Porous Polyvinyl Alcohol Scaffolds:
Microstructure, Mechanical and Biological Evaluations198
3.3 Preparation of Complex Porous Scaffolds via Selective Laser Sintering
of Poly vinyl AlcoholCalcium Silicate 206
3.4 Development of Composite Porous Scaffolds Based on Poly Lactideco-
Glycolide Nano-Hydroxyapatite via Selective Laser Sintering214
References 223
Chapter 4 Bioactive Glass-Based Bone Scaffolds 231
4.1 Fabrication and Characterization of Porous 45S5 Glass Scaffolds via
Direct Selective Laser Sintering 231
4.2 Enhancement Mechanisms of Graphene in Nano-58S Bioactive Glass
Scaffold: Mechanical and Biological Performance 239
References 254
Chapter 5 Other Bone Scaffolds 259
5.1 Fabrication and Characterization of Calcium Silicate Scaffolds for
Tissue Engineering 259
5.2 Graphene-Reinforced Mechanical Properties of Calcium Silicate
Scaffolds by Laser Sintering 270
5.3 Enhanced Sintering Ability of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate by Polymers
Used for Bone Scaffold Fabrication 280
5.4 Optimization of TCPHAP Ratio for Better Properties of Calcium
Phosphate Scaffold via Selective Laser Sintering 294
5.5 Novel Forsterite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Selective Laser
Sintering Fabrication and Characterization 303
References 310
內容試閱：
Chapter 1
Hydroxyapatite-Based Bone Scaffolds
Hydroxyapatite HAP possesses both excellent bioactivity and osteoconductivity
which made it a very attractive material for bone scaffoldsIt can combine with bone
tissues by chemical bonds after implantationHowever, its applications are limited to
non-bearing bone repair due to its poor mechanical properties, such as high brittleness
and low strength.
In this chapter, nanotechnology was employed to improve the mechanical properties
of HAP bone scaffoldA novel selective laser sintering SLS system for scaffold fabrication
was developed based on rapid prototyping technologyImplement arbitrary
complex movements were realized based on the Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline theory.
The fast heating and fast cooling properties of laser were expected to inhibit grain
growth during the sintering processA mathematical model was also established to
study the dynamic temperature field of selective laser sintering process with nano-HAP
powderThe change rules of three-dimensional transient temperature field with the different
speeds of the moving laser heat source were analyzed.
Serious micro-cracks often occur on the surface of bone scaffold prepared by SLS
technologyWe found that appropriate preheating before sintering can reduce and
attenuate the cracksMoreover, grain growth was greatly inhibited due to the improved
thermal conductivity of nano-HAP after preheatingBesides, a small amount of biodegradable
poly L-lactide acid PLLA was added into nano-HAP powder during sintering
in order to improve the sintering propertiesThe molten PLLA filled in the gaps
among HAP particles and may absorb thermal stress in laser sintering process, resulting
in a rearrangement of HAP particlesPLLA was then excluded from the final sintered
bone scaffold.
The sintering behaviors, microstructure and resulting mechanical and biological
properties of nano-HAP were studied with X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Vickers hardness tester and in vitro
simulated body fluid testsThe findings indicated that the HAP bone scaffold prepared
by SLS possesses favorable mechanical properties and bioactivity for bone tissue engineering.
1.1 Structural Design and Experimental Analysis of a Selective Laser
Sintering System with Nano-Hydroxyapatite Powder[1]
1.1.1 Introduction
Hydroxyapatite HAP has been used for bone repair and tissue engineering due to its
biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity[2-4]However, compared
with natural hard tissues, its applications are limited to small, unloaded, or
low-loaded implantation, powder, coating composites because of its biomechanical
properties high brittleness, low tensile strength, high elastic modulus, low fatigue
strength, and low flexibility, etcNatural bone tissue possesses a nanocomposite
structure interwoven in a three-dimensional 3D matrix, which plays a critical role in
conferring appropriate physical and biological properties to the bone tissue[5].
Nano-HAP, which is produced with hydroxyapatite by nano-technology, is similar to
bone apatite in size, phase composition, and crystal structure[6,7], and it possesses
improved mechanical properties and superior bioactivity[8,9] compared with the ones
with micron-size of the same materialSeveral ways were reported to prepare
nano-HAPWang et alreported that they used hydrothermal method to prepare the
HAP single crystalsBut it requires critical airtight equipment and it is difficult to
control the reaction conditions[10]It was reported that nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite
was synthesized by using precipitation methodThe nano-HAP particles are characterized
by wide range of size distribution and low dispersion[11,12]Nano-HAP used in
this study was synthesized via sucrose-templated sol-gel route with calcium nitrate
and ammonium hydrogen phosphateThe prepared nano-HAP has multiple advantages
small particle size, good crystallized activity, high phase purity, and excellent
crystallinity, etc[13,14]Usually, raw materials are sintered for a few hours in the
high-temperature furnace after compression and formation of the nano-HAP by conventional
sintering methodIn fact, nano-particles have formed into micron particles
after sintering for several hours, which leads to a loss of nano-effect[15]The injection
moulding process was reported to prepare the hydroxyapatite for bone tissue repair
by Wang et alHowever, it has disadvantages of low intensity, and the acidic degradation
products, which may cause inflammation[16,17].
Application of nano technology is more likely to overcome the shortcomings high
brittleness, small intensity, etc. because the inner air bubbles and defect of the material
can be minimized when the grain size is smallFurthermore, Nano material is not
prone to transgranular fracture, which can dramatically increases the toughness and
strength of materialsIn addition, t
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